In this example the data file to create the forward simulation is described. All the .geo files generated during restoration will be used and should be placed in the same folder as the restoration to forward create data file Geol_001_R2F.dat. Note that each .geo file generated during restoration with name "Geol_001_rest_LayerName.geo", where LayerName is the name of each restored layer, contains the following data:
1.Restoration displacements during back stripping of "LayerName"
2.Fault topologies at the end of back-stripping of "LayerName"
3.Top surface topology at the end of back-stripping of "LayerName"
Thus, during restoration to forward conversion the processing of the .geo file will be used to generate the sedimentation data and displacements corresponding to the deposition of the layer LayerName. Consequently, because during forward simulation layer "Turonian_02" will be pre-existing, the file Geol_001_rest_Turonian_02.geo should not be processed.
The restoration to forward create data files for the project are in: Geol_001\03_Rest_to_Fwd\Data. The data comprises:
1.Geol_001_R2F.dat: Main restoration to forward create data file.
2.Geometry files in "HDF" format corresponding to the restoration steps to be used in generating the forward analysis data file.
a.Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_01.geo, ..., Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_10.geo
b.Geol_001_rest_Turonian_03.geo and Geol_001_rest_Turonian_04.geo
c.Geol_001_rest_UCT.geo
The flowchart below summarises the data input and results output files involved in the restoration to forward process.
Summary flowchart of data input files and results output files in the restoration to forward process
Data to be included in the generated forward model data file
Data required to define the forward model which is not directly related to processing restoration results for conversion is described here. This data will be automatically written to the generated forward model data file.
Geometry_set defining all geometry sets to be used and retained throughout restoration to forward conversion.
Data File
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* Geometry_set NUM=31
Name "Fault_01_hgw_bas"
Set_type r2f_conversion
Lines IDM=14
1 16 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
50 51 52 40
* Geometry_set NUM=32
Name "Fault_02_hgw_bas"
Set_type r2f_conversion
Lines IDM=10
53 56 57 58 60 61 62 63 64 41
* Geometry_set NUM=35
Name "Basal_bound"
Set_type r2f_conversion
Lines IDM=1
39
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1.Geometry_set data structures for "Fault_01_hgw_bas", "Fault_02_hgw_bas" and "Basal_bound" defined with set type "r2f_conversion" in order that the geometry entities defined by these sets are retained throughout restoration to forward conversion. These geometries include the two fault hanging walls and detachments.
Geometry sets of line numbers for hanging walls and detachments to retain throughout restoration to forward conversion
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Contact data for the faults are defined to include all geometry sets whose contact surfaces will interact with each other at the start of the forward simulation, i.e. in the pre-existing Turonian_02 formation.
Contact set data
Data File
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* Contact_set NUM=1
Name "All"
Geometry_sets IDM=4
"Fault_01_hgw"
"Fault_01_ftw"
"Fault_02_hgw"
"Fault_02_ftw"
Algorithm "Penalty"
Property_name "Faults"
Global_update_frequency 1000
Field_factor 0.3
Buffer_factor 5.0
All_geometry_flag 0
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1.A single contact set named "All" is defined. 2.Four geometry sets are included in the contact set definition. These comprise the two faults footwalls and hanging walls. 3.Penalty algorithm is selected (this is currently the only option available). 4."Faults" property is assigned to the contact set. 5.Global contact search frequency is set to every 1000 mech steps. 6.Field factor is set to 0.3. 7.Buffer factor is set to 5.0. 8.Global geometry flag is set to OFF as included geometry sets are defined.
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Contact global data
Data File
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* Contact_global NUM=1
Included_contact_sets IDM=1
"All"
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1.Contact_global data structure is defined to specify that the defined contact set named "All" is active.
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Contact surfaces data
Data File
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* Contact_surface NUM=1
Name "Fault_01_hgw"
Surface_interaction IDM=1
"Fault_01_ftw"
* Contact_surface NUM=2
Name "Fault_02_hgw"
Surface_interaction IDM=1
"Fault_02_ftw"
* Contact_surface NUM=3
Name "Fault_01_ftw"
Surface_interaction IDM=1
"Fault_01_hgw"
* Contact_surface NUM=4
Name "Fault_02_ftw"
Surface_interaction IDM=1
"Fault_02_hgw"
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1.Four Contact_surface data structures define the contact surfaces that can interact with the defined surface.
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Contact property data
Data File
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* Contact_property NUM=1
Name "Faults"
Field_dep_stiffness_model 1
Field_dep_stiffness_properties IDM=5
0.025
2.000
0.0
0.2
1.002
Compression_model 1
Compression_properties IDM=1
1000.0
Tangential_model 2
Tangential_properties IDM=2
1000.0
0.1
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1.A contact property named "Faults" is defined. 2.A penetration dependent stiffness contact model is utilised (see Cont_001 Case4 for full explanation). 3.Compression and Tangential properties are defined.
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Data File
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* Units
Length "m"
Stress "MPa"
Time "Ma"
Temperature "Celsius"
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1.Units data structure is defined. |
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Geostatic data to be incorporated in the forward simulation data file is defined.
Geostatic_control_data
Data File
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* Geostatic_control_data
Stress_constitutive_model "Elastic"
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1.Stress_constitutive_model is set to "Elastic", so initialization will be performed using the elastic properties defined in Material_data.
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Geostatic_data
Data File
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* Geostatic_data NUM=1
Groups IDM=1
"Turonian_02"
Porosity_spatial 1
K_value_x 0.7
K_value_z 0.7
Pore_pressure_distribution "Hydrostatic"
Time_curve 100
* Spatial_variation_definition NUM=1
Description "Porosity vs. Depth"
Type "Absolute"
Distribution "Depth_dependent"
Variation_assignment 1
* Spatial_variation_values NUM=1
Description "Shale Average NCT"
Time 0.0
Values_vs_depth IDM=24 JDM=2
0 200 ... 4600
0.5890 0.4849 ... 0.0124
* Geostatic_data NUM=2
Name "Sedimentation"
Porosity_spatial 1
K_value_x 0.7
K_value_z 0.7
Pore_pressure_distribution "Hydrostatic"
Time_curve 100
Deposition_flag 1
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1.Geostatic initialization is applied to the pre-existing formation in the forward model (in this case the Turonian_02 formation). 2.Porosity in the forward model is initialized to an average shale porosity NCT in depth via Spatial_variation_definition and Spatial_variation_values data structures (like that used for the restoration). 3.Effective stress ratio values of 0.7 are defined for X and Z directions. 4.The assigned time curve for geostatic set 1 is curve number 100. 5.A second Geostatic_data structure is defined which is named "Sedimentation". This geostatic data will be assigned in the sedimentation data so that deposition is performed following the normal compaction trend rather than a constant porosity. In this way, consistency between restoration and forward simulation is ensured. Definition of this second Geostatic_data structure is required because the ParaGeo code internally removes the Geostatic_data used for initialization (NUM=1) once it has been used. Note that geostatic data naming of "Sedimentation" is compulsory to allow assignment to sedimentation data. Deposition_flag must also be set to 1. 6.The assigned time curve for geostatic set 2 is also set to curve number 100. A different time curve can be defined for the sedimentation stages, however, it is not necessary as, internally, ParaGeo will automatically scale the time curve to the start and end times of the stage. 7. Note that time curve 100 is an automatically generated time curve in the forward create data.
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Data File
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* Adaptivity_control_data
Error_evaluation_frequency 100000
Default_element_sizes IDM=2
80
50
Maximum_remesh_frequency 10
List_of_remesh_sets IDM=1
1
* Adaptivity_set_data NUM=1
Group_numbers IDM=2
1 2
Deposition_flag 1
Distortion_area_data IDM=1
15
Element_sizes IDM=2
80
50
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1.An Adaptivity_control_data structure is defined. 2.Remesh will be performed with element sizes between 50m and 80m. 3.The error evaluation frequency to assess whether a remesh is required is set to every 100000 mech steps and the maximum error checks before a remesh is enforced is set to 10. 4.A single Adaptivity_set_data is defined. At least one such data structure must be specified if adaptivity is used. 5.Deposition_flag set to 1 ensures the adaptivity set data is used with newly deposited groups. |
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Data File
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* Time_curve_data NUM=1
Name "Rest_displacement"
Curve_type 1
Time_curve IDM=2
0.0 1.0
Time_factor IDM=2
0.0 1.0
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1.Time curve data set 1 for application of the restoration-derived boundary conditions is defined.
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Data File
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* Support_data
Displacement_codes IDM=2 JDM=3
1 0
0 1
1 1
Displacement_code_geom_set IDM=2
"West"
"East"
Displacement_code_geom_ass IDM=2
1 1
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1.The west and east boundaries are prescribed displacement in the normal directions. 2.Displacement magnitude for each of the boundaries at each stage will be generated during restoration to forward conversion.
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Data related to restoration for forward model data processing
Here the data used to process restoration results data to automatically create a forward model is described.
Util_set_control_data
Data File
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* Util_set_control_data
Porous_flow_type 5
Element_size_bounds IDM=2
80
50
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1.Util_set_control_data structure is used to define: a.Set Porous_flow_type = 5 for all groups (groups are not needed to be defined as they are processed from restoration output). b.Mesh size bounds (it will create Mesh_control_data and Unstructured_mesh_data data structures).
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Util_set_contact_data
Data File
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* Util_set_contact_data
Fault_property_name "Faults"
Side_boundary_generation_flag 0
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1.Contact property data named "Faults" is assigned to faults. This contact property is previously defined above. 2.A Contact_set for side boundaries will not be automatically generated (Side_boundary_generation_flag = 0).
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Util_set_material_data
Data File
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* Util_set_material_data
Material_file "Shale_Average.mat"
Unit_names IDM=14
"Turonian_02"
"Turonian_03"
"Turonian_04"
"UCT"
"Tertiary_01"
"Tertiary_02"
"Tertiary_03"
"Tertiary_04"
"Tertiary_05"
"Tertiary_06"
"Tertiary_07"
"Tertiary_08"
"Tertiary_09"
"Tertiary_10"
Mdb_material_names IDM=14
"Shale_avg"
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1.In Util_set_material_data, materials are assigned to all pre-existing and deposited units. This will automatically assign the material data to newly created sedimentation data. 2.The material file names should be specified. 3.The list of stratigraphy units and list of corresponding assigned materials should be specified. In this case, all Mdb_material_names are "Shale_avg".
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Util_basal_horizon
Data File
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* Util_basal_horizon
Name "Basal_horizon"
Lines IDM=5
39
42 40
64 41
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1.Util_basal_horizon data structure is used to identify the basal horizons for the model. 2.The list of lines that define the basal horizon must be specified (see picture below).
Line numbers making up basal horizon for forward simulation pre-existing Turonian_02 formation
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Util_set_boundary_data
Data File
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* Util_set_boundary_data
Surface_applied_stress 0.2
Side_boundary_flag 1
Basal_boundary_flag 1
Basal_boundary_geometry_sets IDM=3
"Basal_bound"
"Fault_01_hgw_bas"
"Fault_02_hgw_bas"
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1.Util_set_boundary_data structure is used to define options and conditions for the model boundaries (it will create Prescribed_boundary_data data structures). 2.A top surface stress of 0.2 MPa is defined (this will create a Stratigraphy_surface_load data structure). 3.Side_boundary_flag set to 1 assigns the vertical side boundaries to be defined by the motion of the basal boundary. 4.Basal_boundary_flag is set to 1 defines a fully prescribed basal boundary. 5.The geometry sets defining the basal boundaries must be provided.
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Util_fault_insertion
Data File
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* Util_fault_insertion
Insertion_type "Split"
Faults IDM=2
"Fault_01"
"Fault_02"
Deposition_flag 1
Deposition_length_fact 1.0
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1.Util_fault_insertion data structure is used to define that a split operation must be performed upon sedimentation of each new formation. 2.Split operation will be performed for faults "Fault_01" and "Fault_02". Note that by default all faults are considered for split operation if Faults keyword is not defined. 3.Deposition_flag = 1 indicates that a split operation will be performed for newly deposited layers. 4.Deposition_length_fact = 1 indicates that the split will be performed considering the whole length of the fault path. Lower values will consider lower lengths of the total fault paths and therefore will result in a fault tip inside the split formation.
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Util_forward_create
Data File
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* Util_forward_create
Geometry_file_names IDM=13
"Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_10"
"Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_09"
"Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_08"
"Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_07"
"Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_06"
"Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_05"
"Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_04"
"Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_03"
"Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_02"
"Geol_001_rest_Tertiary_01"
"Geol_001_rest_UCT"
"Geol_001_rest_Turonian_04"
"Geol_001_rest_Turonian_03"
Analysis_file_name "Geol_001_FSim"
Basal_unit "Turonian_02"
Pre_existing_top_unit "Turonian_02"
Start_unit "Turonian_03"
Pre_existing_geometry_flag 1
Pre_existing_sedimentation_flag 1
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1.Util_forward_create defines the data to create a data file for forward simulation using restoration data. 2.Geometry_file_names specifies the list of geometry .geo files corresponding to restoration steps to be used in generating the forward analysis data file. These files must be specified in restoration order, from youngest formation to oldest. 3.Note that there is a limitation for which the forward simulation must start from the configuration at deposition of the first sedimented unit (with accommodation space already created). For that reason "Geol_001_rest_Turonian_02.geo" is not included in the list. 4.The Analysis_file_name defines the name of the generated forward model data file. 5.Basal_unit defines the basal formation for the pre-existing sediments considered in the forward model. 6.Pre_existing_top_unit defines the top formation for the pre-existing sediments considered in the forward model. 7.Start_unit defines the first unit to be sedimented. 8.Pre_existing_geometry_flag = 1 indicates that pre-existing geometry will be considered in the forward model. 9.Pre_existing_sedimentation_flag = 1 indicates that sedimentation of the Start_unit should be performed before geostatic initialization of pre-existing geometry. The reason is the shape of start unit which comprise two fault "overhangs" which would benefit from the support provided by a new sediment layer before any displacements are applied. As a result four stages for geostatic initialization will be created: a.Stage 1 - Generate data for pre-existing sediment (1 time step). b.Stage 2 - Sediment new layer (1 time step). c.Stage 3 - Perform geostatic initialization assuming elastic constitutive model. d.Stage 4 - Perform geostatic stress release assuming nonlinear material.
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Results
The result files for the project are in directory: Geol_001\03_Rest_to_Fwd\Results.
Files generated after execution of the restoration to forward create data file which will be used for the forward model are:
1.Geol_001_FSim.dat - Main data file for the forward model. 2.Geol_001_FSim.geo - Geometry file containing the initial geometry for the forward model. 3.Geol_001_FSim.GeoSumm - File containing the geometry data summary contained in the Geol_001_FSim.geo file. 4.Geol_001_FSim_Pre_exist.dat - Data file containing part geometry data which provides support to the pre-existing geometry via either contact relationship or prescribed boundary data. 5.Data files containing part geometry data which defines boundary displacements during deposition of formation layers: a.Geol_001_FSim_Tertiary_01.dat, ..., Geol_001_FSim_Tertiary_10.dat b.Geol_001_FSim_Turonian_03.dat and Geol_001_FSim_Turonian_04.dat c.Geol_001_FSim_UCT.dat 6.Data files containing the sedimentation horizons for the deposition of formation layers: a.Geol_001_FSim_Tertiary_01.sed, ..., Geol_001_FSim_Tertiary_10.sed b.Geol_001_FSim_Turonian_03.sed and Geol_001_FSim_Turonian_04.sed c.Geol_001_FSim_UCT.sed
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