ParaGeo Tutorial Examples

Title

Analysis Type - Features List / Utility

Model

Introduction

Intro_001 Introduction to ParaGeo datafile definition

Mechanical (2D)

•Case01 Base Case

•Defining model geometry data

Model geometry and boundary conditions

•Case02 Usage of geometry sets

•Parageo groups

•Defining model geometry sets

Mesh Generation

Mesh_001 2D Unstructured Mesh Generation

Mesh Generation (2D)

•Case 1 Simple rectangular domain

•Mesh discretization for various models with different geometry entities

•Case 1A Modification of the mesh density

•Case 1B Plate with Hole (Quadratic Lines)

•Case 1C Plate with Hole Plate with Hole (Quadratic Lines with Mesh Refinement)

•Case 1D Plate with Hole (Mesh Refinement using Mesh Region)

•Case 1E Plate with Hole (Hole defined by a Polyline)

•Case 1F Plate with Hole (Hole defined by a Polyline)

Mesh_002 3D Unstructured Mesh Generation

Mesh Generation in ParaGeo (3D)

•Case 00 Export a mesh in a. geo file

•Approach to export a generated mesh in a .geo file

•Definition of element sizes using different strategies

•Usage of adaptivity for more flexibility

•Case 01 Mesh size defined on geometry entities

•Case 02 Usage of mesh regions

•Case 03 Usage of adaptivity with regions of different element sizes

Mechanical Analysis

Mech_001 Mechanical analysis introduction

Mechanical (2D)

•Case 1A Base Case Description

•Case 1B Scaling Time for 100 Steps

•Case 1C Scaling Time for 1000 Steps

•Case 1D Inclusion of Damping

•Case 1E S-Curve Load Ramp

•Case 1F Instantaneous Loading

•Explicit dynamic solver

•Various strategies for quasi-static solution

•Time scaling

•% Global damping

•Various time curves - linear, nonlinear, instantaneous

•Case 2A Cylinder with internal and External Pressure

Mech_002 Uniaxial Burial of 2000m of sediment

Mechanical (2D)

•Case 1 Constant Sedimentation Rate

•Case 2 Variable Sedimentation Rate

•Constant/Variable sedimentation

Mech_003 Rift Sandbox Simulation using Prescribed Boundary Data

Mechanical (2D)

•Case 1 Extension via a Prescribed Boundary

•Case 2 Extension with Rapid Sedimentation Rate

•Case 3 Extension with Slow Sedimentation Rate

•Multi-layer sedimentation

•Stratigraphy definition

•Material grids

•Adaptive mesh refinement with coarsening data and plastic strain rate

•Prescribed boundary displacement using part-geometry and prescribed boundary data

Mech_004 Biaxial Test on Sand with Adaptive Remeshing

Mechanical (2D)

•Case 1 Basic Set Up for Adaptive Remeshing

•Case 2 Refinement using Mesh Coarsening Criteria

•Case 3 Refinement using Rate Error Indicators

•Adaptive mesh refinement with coarsening data and plastic strain rate

•Material grids

Mech_005 Formation of Salt Diapirs in 2D (Bench Scale)

Mechanical (2D)

•Case 1 Base Case with Extension only

•Salt material modelled with Herschel-Bulkley viscoplastic material model

•Sand material modelled with SR4 plasticity model

•Extensional/Compressional tectonic movement settings

•Layer sedimentation using variable sedimentation rates/fixed sedimentation horizons

•Stratigraphy pinchout

•Adaptive mesh refinement with coarsening data and strain rates

•Single/Multiple seed point/s for diapir/s formation

•Case 2 Extension and Compression with Sedimentation

•Case 3 Formation of Turtle Back Structures

Material Models

Mat_001 SR4 Model Introduction

Mechanical (2D)

•Overview of SR4 Model

•SR4 material model

•Case 1 Simulation of Triaxial Tests with the SR4 model

•Case 2 Characterization of Experimental Data with the SR4 Model (Linear Elasticity)

•Case 3 Characterization of Experimental Data with the SR4 Model (Poroelasticity)

•Triaxial tests

•Material characterization of experimental data for SR4 model with linear elasticity/poroelasticity

Plots from experimental tests

Mat_001b SR4 Hardening Calibration

Mechanical (2D)

•Case 1 Introduction to SR4 Hardening Calibration

•Case 2 Calibration Exercise

•SR4 material hardening parameters and calibration of kappa and lambda using SR4 analytical model

Mat_001c SR4 User Defined Hardening

Mechanical (2D) and Coupled THM (2D)

•Case 1 Definition of SR4 User-Defined Hardening Table

•Case 2 Facies Mixture-based Material Database

•SR4 material hardening calibration to user-defined hardening model

•Provision of facies mixture-based material database spreadsheet and step by step description for user-derivation

•Axi-symmetric single element oedometer test (geomechanical)

•Uniaxial column consolidation test (coupled THM)

Mechanical properties for different component % of Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale, Carbonate (Ss_Si_Sh_Ca)

Mat_001d Mechanical compaction models

Mechanical (2D) and Coupled THM (2D)

•Case 1 Procedure and inputs

•Simplified input of data in the form of Athy-type models to characterise mechanical compaction

•Automated hardening data generation

Validated results generated using the mechanical compaction models

Mat_002 Calibration of diagenesis reactions

Mechanical (2D)

•Diagenesis Model Overview        

•Diagenesis Model Behaviour

•Diagenesis model and behaviour

•Case1 Kimmeridge Clay

•Case2 Berea Sandstone

•Calibration of diagenesis law for Kimmeridge Clay and Berea Sandstone

•Axi-symmetric single element oedometer test/burial history simulation

Axi-symmetric single element: Oedometer test (left), Burial history simulation (right)

Results vs geomechanical tests. Simulation of burial history (left). Additional unloading/reloading (right)

Mat_003 Continuum Fracture Model (PVC test on a fractured specimen)

Coupled HM (3D)

•Case1a Poroelastic simulation

•Case1b Poro-elasto-plastic (SR4) simulation

•Case 2a (poroelastic) and Case 2b (SR4) with 2 sets of fractures

•Pore Volume Compressibility (PVC) test

•Poroelastic / with SR4 plasticity materials

•Single hex element continuum fracture model with one/two fracture sets

(a) Schematic of PVC test, (b) Model with 1 fracture set (Case 1), (c) with 2 fracture sets (Case 2)

Mat_004 Modelling creep in chalks and shales

Mechanical (2D)

•Overview of creep models

•Case01 Power law creep model

•Case02 Power law model with accelerated creep at high deviatoric stresses

•SR3 plasticity model with simple Power law creep/Power law with accelerated creep at high q

•Hydraulic Compression Tests (HCT) and Triaxial tests (CTC) at different loading rates

Fracture Models

Notes on Fracture Workflow

•Overview of the representation of fractures in ParaGeo

•Features and considerations on the fracture import workflow

Fract_001 Fracture Data Import, Modification and Export

Coupled HM (3D)

•FracMan File (.fab) Description

•Case00 Import of the FracMan DFN for Visualisation Only

•Case01 Import, Processing and Export to a New FracMan File

•Case02 Import, Processing, Meshing and Export to a .geo file

•ParaGeo fracture data import/export from/to FracMan data

•Export of processed DFN to new FracMan file

•Export of the meshed geometry with the DFN to a .geo file

Fract_002 Discrete Fracture Modelling

Coupled HM (3D)

•Discrete fracture modelling with FracMan imported data

Fract_003 Modelling of Embedded Continuum Fracture

Mechanical (3D)

•Case01 Joint Normal Displacement with Bandis Model

•Case02 Joint Normal Displacement with Bandis Model (Spacing 0.25m)

•Case03 Joint Normal Displacement with Cyclic Loading

•Embedded continuum fracture modelling using Ubiquitous Element Fracture (UEF) approach in mechanical field

•Homogenised fracture properties via compliance matrix

•Bandis fracture normal stiffness model

•Normal displacement loading

Fract_004 Homogenisation of Flow Properties in Jointed Model

Coupled HM (3D) using ParaGeoInv

•Case01 Ubiquitous Upscaled Fracture (UUF)

•Homogenisation of flow properties (e.g. material permeability) using Ubiquitous Upscaled Fracture (UUF) approach

•Case02 Spatially Embedded Fracture (SEF)

•Homogenisation of flow properties (e.g. fracture permeability multiplier) using Spatially Embedded Fracture (SEF) approach

Hydro-Mechanical Coupled Analysis (HM)

HM_001 Introduction to Hydro-Mechanical Analysis - Uniaxial Consolidation

Coupled HM (2D)

•Coupled HM data definition

•Uniaxial consolidation (no gravity)

HM_002 Uniaxial Sedimentation using pre-existing sediment

Coupled HM (2D)

•Base Case 1 Permeability = 1E-18 m2

•Case 2 Permeability = 1E-19 m2

•Case 3 Permeability = 1E-16 m2

•Coupled HM data definition

•Uniaxial consolidation with gravity

•Various permeabilities

•Sedimentation time curve types (linear/s-curve)

HM_003 Uniaxial Sedimentation using Eulerian Deposition (Currently unavailable)

Coupled HM (2D)

•Case 2 Permeability = 1E-19 m2

•Uniaxial sedimentation using Eulerian deposition

•Moving Eulerian deposition surface defined using part geometry data and prescribed boundary data

•Various permeabilities

•Sedimentation time curve types (linear/s-curve)

HM_004 Uniaxial Sedimentation using Layer Deposition

Coupled HM (2D)

•Case 1 Permeability = 1E-18 m2

•Case 2 Permeability = 1E-19 m2

•Uniaxial sedimentation using layer deposition

•Stratigraphy data

•Sedimentation data

HM_005 Uniaxial Sedimentation using Layer Deposition Followed by Tectonic Compression

Coupled HM (2D)

•Case 1 8% shortening at strain rate of 0.16/Ma

•Case 2 8% shortening at strain rate of 0.04/Ma

•Stage 1 uniaxial 'drape' sedimentation using layer deposition

•Stage 2 tectonic compression at various strain rates

•Restart data definition for stage 2 simulation

Stage 1 - Drape sedimentation (left), Stage 2 - Tectonic compression (right)

Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Coupled Analysis (THM)

THM_001 Moving Block

Coupled THM (3D)

•Coupled THM data definition

•Contact data with heat and fluid flow across contact surfaces

Geometry description (left), Pore pressure distribution due to movement of fluid sink (right)

Contact

Cont_001 Mechanical Contact Example

Mechanical (3D)

•Case 1 Base case description

•Case 2 Case with adhesion

•Case 3 Case with elastic contact

•Case 4 Case with penetration dependent stiffness

•Mechanical contact data definition

•Various contact models (adhesion, with/without slip, penetration dependent stiffness)

Cont_002 Fluid Flow and Thermal Contact Example

Coupled THM (2D)

•Case 1 Constant contact properties for fluid and thermal contact

•Case 2 Contact tangential permeability as a function of stress

•Case 3 Contact tangential permeability as a function of depth

•Case 5 Contact normal permeability as a function of depth

•Case 6 Contact flow conductivity multiplier

•Coupled THM data definition

•Contact data with heat and fluid flow across contact surfaces

•Various contact flow models

•Case 4 Contact tangential flow conductivity as a function of contact gap

•Contact tangential flow model as a function of actual contact gap

Cont_003 Comparison of Contact Algorithms

Mechanical (3D)

•Case01 and Case02 Comparison of node-to-node and node-to-facet contact algorithms

•Comparison of contact algorithms (node-node vs node-facet)

Spatial Variation

SpatVar_001 Definition of properties with spatial variation (via Grids)

Mechanical (2D & 3D)

•Case1 Base Case Description (Grid type 1)

•Case1b Base Case grid defined at cell centres

•Case2 Definition of grid type 3 (equivalent to Case1 grid)

•Case3 Definition of non-regular cells grid (Grid type 3)

•Case4 Usage of Spatial table (property dependencies)

•Case5 Spatial plan (lateral variation in properties)

•Case6 2D Spatial grid group (mesh)

•Case7 and 7b Non-conforming grids

•Different spatial grid types (Grid1, Grid3, Plan1, Group)

•Definition of variables at nodes/elements

•Spatial table for defining variables with dependencies on other variables

•Spatial plan data in 2D for lateral property variation

•Spatial grid group data (mesh based)

•Spatial boundary grid mapping options for points outside grid

Geometry (top), Defined spatial grid (left), Mapped mesh variable (right)

SparVar_002 Output of Spatial Grids

Mechanical (2D)

•Case1 Base Case Description (Output of Mesh Grid)

•Case2 Output of a Regular Grid

•Case3 Definition and Output of a Reference Set

•Output of results to spatial grids with different grid formats (Group, Grid1)

•Definition of reference set data to output change in specified variables and export to spatial grids

Geostatic Initialization

Geost_001 Initialization of a 3000m 3D column

Coupled HM (3D)

•Case 1 Base Case Description

•Case 2 Over-consolidated porosity trend

•Case 3 Displacement reinitialization

•Case 4 Initialization with initial overpressure (via spatial grids)

•Gravity loading

•Geostatic initialization

•Initial porosity depth  trend defined via spatial variation data

•Initial pore pressure defined as hydrostatic or via spatial  grid .spat file

•Usage of staged geostatic control data for displacement reinitialization

Geost_002 Staged Initialization of a Graben

Mechanical (3D)

•Case 1 Base Case Description (Elastic Initialization)

•Case 2 Tectonic Load

•Case 3 Switch to standard models

•Case 4 Displacement Reinitialization

•Case 5 Porosity Initialization via Spatial Grids

•Case 6 Assigning Property Dependencies

•Case 7 Usage of geostatic.set

•Faulted model with contact

•Gravity and tectonic loading

•Geostatic initialization

•Initial porosity depth  trend defined via spatial variation data/spatial  grid .spat file

•Young's modulus - porosity dependent spatial table

•Usage of staged geostatic control data for displacement reinitialization, switching constitutive and contact models

•Usage of geostatic.set for staged geostatic control data

Sub-Modelling

SubMod_01 Sub-modelling Example

Mechanical (3D)

•Step 1 Large Scale Model

•Step 2 Sub-model Boundary Creation

•Step 3 Boundary Conditions Extraction

•Step 4 Sub-model simulation

•Sub-model boundary export definition to spatial grids

•Spatial grid mapping

•Prescribed boundary conditions using Spatial boundary data

Restoration

Rest_001 Restoration of a fold

Mechanical (2D)

•Case 1 Base Case Description

•Case 2 Restoration with Bedding Plane Slip

•Case 3 Restoration with Decompaction (Synchronous)

•Case 3b Restoration with Decompaction (Sequential)

•Case 4 Force-based bed length constraint (High stiffness)

•Case 5 Force-based bed length constraint (Low stiffness)

•Case 6 Displacement-based bed length preservation

•Restoration - translate/restore

•Restoration with bedding plane slip

•Restoration with decompaction following prescribed porosity vs depth trend

•Part geometry data

•Stratigraphy definition

•Top surface bed-length constraint/preservation using force/displacement

Rest_002 Restoration to forward: A normal fault model

Mechanical (2D)

•Step 1 Restoration

•Step 2 Forward create data file

•Step 3 Description of the generated forward simulation data file

•Faulted model with contact

•Restoration with decompaction

•Utility to create forward model data from restoration

Rest_002b Restoration to forward: A normal fault model in 3D (Currently unavailable)

Mechanical (3D)

•Step 1 Restoration

•Faulted model with contact

•Restoration with decompaction

Rest_003 Restoration to forward work flow for mini-basin type models (Currently unavailable)

Mechanical (2D)

•Step 1 Restoration

•Restoration with decompaction

•Output of isopachs as sedimentation horizons

•Step 2 Forward simulation

•Forward simulation using extracted isopachs from restoration

Geometry Sectioning

GeomSect_001 Demonstration of Geometry Section

ParaGeo Utility

•Case 2 Selection of groups

•Case 3 Section parallel to plane YZ

•Case 4 Vertical plane non-parallel to axis system

•Case 5 Flat inclined section non-parallel to XYZ

•Geometry read/write utility

•Geometry section utility in global axis system/user-defined coordinate system

Workflow for Material Earth Models (MEMs)

MEM_001 MEM Workflow

Mechanical (3D) / Coupled HM (3D)

•Case 1 Base Case

•Various geostatic initialization phases (gravity, tectonic, contact release, constitutive release)

•Production simulation

•Mechanical contact

•Initial spatial grid data and spatial boundary

•Case 1b Reservoir Poro-elasticity defined via Spatial_table

•Young's modulus - porosity dependent spatial table

•Case 2 Implicit Initialisation

•Geostatic initialization stages (gravity and tectonic) via implicit solver

•Restart data

•Case 3a HM Coupled (High Perm Fault)

•Case 3b HM Coupled (Low Perm Fault)

•Coupled HM simulation

•Water level

•Well element for producer well

•High/Low perm contact fluid flow

•Initial spatial grid data and spatial boundary

•Case 4 HM Coupled Producer and Injector Wells

•As Case 3a

•Well element for producer and injector wells

•Case 4b HM Coupled with De-activated Porous Flow Groups

•As Case 4

•De-activation of porous flow groups

•Case 4c Implicit-Implicit HM Modelling

•As Case 4

•Full implicit solver utilized for coupled hydro-mechanical solution

•Node-node contact algorithm

•Case 5 Mapping of Results to Spatial Surface and Output to Plot File

•Read results plot file and output to new plot file

•Mapping of results to imported Spatial surface definition

•Case 6 Reservoir with Fractures

oCase06a - Ubiquitous fractures with homogeneous properties with fracture spacing of 5m

oCase06b - Two corridors of fractures with spatial definition of fracture spacing ranging from 25m to 75m

•Inclusion of embedded fractures in the reservoir and their influence on pore pressure distribution and flow

MEM_002 Wokflow for cases including salt formations

Mechanical (3D)

•Case00 Scaling Salt Viscosity

•Case01 Base Case

•Salt layers modelled via Herschel-Bulkley viscoplastic material

•Various time unit updates via salt material constant K

•Case 2 Faulted Case (Not available yet)

•Faulted model with contact

MEM_003 Boundary Optimisation and Super Element approach within the MEM Workflow

Mechanical (3D) using ParaGeoInv

•Case 1 Boundary optimisation

•Case 2 Boundary optimisation using the Super Element approach (Currently unavailable)

•Inverse analysis for initialisation stages using ParaGeoInv

•Usage of Super element

Implicit Solver

Imp_001 Usage of the implicit solver

Mechanical (3D)

•Case 1 Base Case

•Implicit solver

Super Element (Currently unavailable)

SuEl_001 Super Element Workflow

Mechanical (3D)

•Case 1 Workflow Example

oStep 1 Create the Super Element

oStep 2 Use the Super Element

oStep 2b Use an Reflate the Super Element

•Case 2 Usage of Coupled Freedoms

•Super element workflow

•Implicit solver

•Coupled freedoms

Geological Modelling Workflow

Geol_001 Geological Modelling Workflow

Mechanical (2D)

•01 - Geometry creation

•02 - Restoration

•03 - Restoration to Forward

•04 - Forward simulation

•Geometry .dxf preparation in CAD

•.dxf to ParaGeo geometry .geo workflow

•Restoration with decompaction

•Forward simulation

•Utility to create forward model data from restoration

Geol_002 Geological Modelling with Zmap Import

ParaGeo Utility

Mechanical & Coupled THM (3D)

•Case01 Column Model

•Zmap file import and export to Abaqus .inp file utility

•Conversion of .inp file to ParaGeo .geo file

•Hydrocarbon generation layers

•Restoration modelling (geomechanical)

•Sedimentation modelling (THM)

•Moving water table with time

•Directional decompaction

•Boundary node extraction from irregular boundaries

•Hexahedral mesh model

•Basal thermal flux

•Case02 Slice Model

•Case03a 3D Small Irregular Grid Model with 'Ragged' Boundaries

•Case03b 3D Large Irregular Grid Model with 'Ragged' Boundaries

Geol_002b Additional functionality for Geological Modelling

Mechanical & Coupled THM (3D)

•Case01 Membrane elements and boundary couple freedoms

•Membrane elements for bed length preservation

•Boundary column nodes with coupled freedoms

                    (a) Membrane (triangle) elements on top surface    (b) Column of coupled nodes on boundary

•Case02 Spatial distribution of facies

•With spatial distribution of material property facies

Facies distribution in Formation 08 in tutorial sub-model

•Case03 Modelling erosion

•With erosion in restoration & sedimentation

•Case04 Spatial heat flow

•With spatial distribution basal heat flux

Basal heat flux distribution

•Case05 Additional functionality for Facies modelling

oCase05a Standard reference case

oCase05b Facies with deactivated fluid flow

oCase05c Facies with permeability multipliers

oCase05d1 Facies with advection terms active

oCase05d2 Facies with advection terms deactivated

•Additional functionality for Facies:

oDeactivation of fluid flow

oPermeability multipliers

oDeactivation of advective heat flow

Large overpressure due to no flow across or along seals

Geol_003 Geological Modelling for TET meshes

ParaGeo Utility

Mechanical (3D)

•Case01 Workflow for TET models built from Zmaps

•Zmap file import and export to Abaqus .inp file utility

•Conversion of .inp file to ParaGeo .geo file

•Hex to TET conversion

•Restoration modelling with adaptivity (geomechanical)

•Utility to create forward model data from restoration

•Sedimentation modelling (geomechanical)

•Spatial distribution of facies

Facies distribution from zmap (left) and after forward modelling (right)

•Case02 Forward simulation from a non-final restoration paleo-time

•Utility to read plot file results and export a spatial grid

•Utility to create forward model data from restoration

•Sedimentation modelling (geomechanical)

•Spatial distribution of facies

Schematic of the workflow

Hydrocarbon Maturation

Kin_001 HC kinetics in uniaxial column with deposition

Coupled THM (2D)

•THM sedimentation

•Multi-kerogen sediment layers

•Influence of HC kinetics on pore pressure, porosity and strength

•Combined use of two damping models for long column

Parameter Definition

ParDef_001 Parameter Definition in Data File

Mechanical (2D)

•Case01 Parameter-only

•Case02 Parameter with local expression

•Case03 Parameter with global expression

•Parameter definition (various usage)

Strip footing model

Wellbore Models

Wellbore_001 Cased and Cemented 3D Wellbore Model

Coupled THM (3D)

•Case01 Time-dependent Cement Hardening with Diagenetic Shrinkage

•Coupled THM simulation

•Deactivated porous flow in casing and cement

•Contact between wellbore components

•Time-dependent cement hardening material with increased yield strength

•Cement hardening with diagenetic reaction resulting in volume shrinkage

•Usage of transient time step growth in solution control

Wellbore_002 Casing Collapse due to Shear at Salt/Sandstone Bedding Plane

Mechanical (3D)

•Contact between salt/sandstone bedding plane

•Large bedding plane slip (shear) causing casing collapse

•Salt with Herschel-Bulkley viscoplastic material