ParaGeo Manual v26.0

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Contents | Index

• ParaGeo Overview
  • ParaGeo: A THM FEM code
  • Geomechanical Analysis Key Features
  • Porous Fluid Flow and Thermal Flow Analysis
  • Applications
• ParaGeo Installation and Running
  • Installation of ParaGeo
  • How to Run an Analysis
  • File Type Overview
  • Processing Software
• ParaGeo Reference manual
  • Contact Data
    • Overview
    • Tied Contact (Master-Slave)
    • Contact_global
    • Contact_set
    • Contact_surface
    • Contact_property
  • Control Data Structures
    • Geomechanical Control_data
    • Porous_flow_control_data
    • Solver_control
    • Thermal_control_data
    • Time_scaling_factors
  • Coupling data
    • Overview of coupling solution strategies
    • Couple_control_data
  • Coupling to Reservoir Simulators
    • IX coupling with ParaGeo
    • Pflotran_control_data
    • Pflotran_coupling_data
    • Reservoir_control_data
    • Reservoir_coupling_data
  • Faults / Fractures
    • Fault_insertion
    • Fault_relief_set
    • Fault_set
    • Fault_smooth_set
    • Fracture_data
    • Fracture_set
  • Geometry Data
    • Element_data
    • Element_deactivation
    • Geometry_data
    • Geometry_group_data
    • Geometry_line
    • Geometry_set
    • Geometry_surface
    • Geometry_vertex
    • Geometry_volume
    • Nodal_data
    • The .geo file
  • Geostatic
    • Geostatic_control_data
    • Geostatic_data
  • Group Data
    • Group_control_data
    • Group_data
  • Hydrocarbon Maturation
    • Overview
    • Hydrocarbon_kinetics
    • Kerogen_kinetics
  • Input / Output
    • History Output
      • History_point
      • History_surface
      • History_section_line
      • History_global
    • Include
    • Material Grids
      • Material_grid
      • Material_grid_set
    • Plot File Output_data
    • Restart_read_data
    • Variables Output_list
    • Reference_set_data
  • Loading / Bound. Conditions
    • Basal_displacement
    • Constraint_relaxation
    • Couple_freedoms
    • Eulerian_boundary
    • Global_loads
    • Gravity_data
    • Load_case_control_data
    • Parameterised_boundary
    • Prescribed_boundary_data
    • Stress_path_data
    • Supply_reservoir_boundary
    • Support_data
    • Transformed_freedoms
    • Water_level_data
    • Well Element
      • Overview
      • Well_definition
      • Well_completion
  • Material Data
    • Gas flow
    • Fluid_properties
    • Saturation_properties
    • Multiphase_data
    • Material_data
    • Diagenesis_data
    • Facies_definition
  • Mesh
    • Adaptivity Data
      • Adaptivity_control_data
      • Adaptivity_set_data
    • Mesh Generation
      • Mesh_control_data
      • Mesh_parameter_data
      • Mesh_curvature_set
      • Mesh_region
      • Structured_mesh_data
      • Structured_line_set
      • Unstructured_mesh_data
      • Orthotropic_mesh_set
  • Parallel Solver
    • Parallel_control
    • Domain_definition_data
    • Domain Group Processing
  • Part Geometry Data
    • Part_geometry_set
    • Part_line
    • Part_nodal_data
    • Part_nodal_update
    • Part_surface
    • Part_geometry_tracking
  • Restoration
    • Overview
    • Restoration_data
  • Sedimentation and Erosion
    • Deactivation_data
    • Sedimentation_data
    • Sedimentation_horizon
    • Sedimentation_parameters
  • Stratigraphy Data
    • Geometry_point_merge
    • Stratigraphy_basal_load
    • Stratigraphy_definition
    • Stratigraphy_horizon
    • Stratigraphy_pinchout_data
    • Stratigraphy_smoothing
    • Stratigraphy_surface_load
  • Spatial Variation of Properties
    • Spatial_boundary
    • Spatial_grid
    • Spatial_grid_group
    • Spatial_grid_output
    • Spatial_state_set
    • Spatial_table
    • Spatial_plan
    • Spatial_variation_definition
    • Spatial_variation_values
  • Spatial surface
  • Spatial_volume
  • Sub-modelling
    • Overview of Sub-modelling Workflow
    • Boundary_Export
  • Super Element
    • Super_element_control
  • Time_curve_data
  • Time_definition
  • Other Structures
    • Coordinate_system
    • Damping Data
      • Damping_global_data
      • Damping_nodal_data 
    • Depth_update
    • Parameter_definition
    • Settings_data
    • Table_general
    • Units for simulation
  • User Defined Data
    • User_import_export_control
    • Global_user_import
    • Global_user_export
    • Group_user_import
    • Group_user_export
    • User_prompt
  • Variables List
• ParaGeo Utilities
  • Geometry Operations
    • Geometry_boundary_move
    • Geometry_create_groups
    • Geometry_line_separate
    • Geometry_line_split
    • Geometry_mesh_separate
    • Geometry_model_split
    • Geometry_set_separate
    • Geometry_section_line
    • Geometry_section_surface
    • Util_contig_surface_create
    • Util_create_stratigraphy
    • Util_merge_group
  • Import / Export
    • Read_plt_file
    • Util_convert_hex2tet_mesh
    • Util_eclipse_import
    • Util_import_mesh_data
    • Util_read_geometry
    • Util_stratigraphy_export
    • Util_tsurf_convert
    • Util_write_geom_plotfile
    • Util_write_geometry
    • Util_zmap_import
  • Restoration to Forward
    • Util_basal_horizon
    • Util_create_hex_boundary
    • Util_fault_insertion
    • Util_forward_create
    • Util_forward_part_create
    • Util_part_geometry_create
    • Util_part_restore_geom
    • Util_set_boundary_data
    • Util_set_contact_data
    • Util_set_control_data
    • Util_set_material_data
• ParaGeoInv Reference Manual
  • ParaGeoInv Overview
  • Algorithm Concept
  • ParaGeoInv Data Structures
    • Application_data
    • File_data
    • Inverse_case
    • Misfit_data_set
    • NA_options
    • Boundary_opt_parameters
    • Parameter_data
• ParaGeo Abaqus Style Reference manual
  • Alphabetical Keyword Index
  • ParaGeo Conversion
  • Amplitude
  • Assembly
  • Boundary Conditions
  • Contact data
  • Controls
  • Couple Freedoms
  • Damping
  • Faults
  • Geometry
  • Group data (Solid Section)
  • Heading
  • Geostatic initialization (Multi stage)
  • Include
  • Initial Conditions
  • Material
  • Mesh data
  • Output data and History data
  • Reference Set
  • Restart
  • Parallel Control
  • Step data
  • Submodeling
  • Temperature
  • Time scaling
  • Transform
  • Units
  • Variable List
• Tutorials
  • ParaGeo Tutorial Examples
    • Intro_001 Introduction to ParaGeo data file definition
      • Defining data: Preliminary notes
      • Case01 Base Case
      • Case02 Usage of geometry sets
    • Mesh Generation
      • Mesh_001 2D Unstructured Mesh Generation
        • Case 1 Simple Rectangular Domain
        • Case 1A Modification of the Mesh Density
        • Case 1B Plate With Hole (Quadratic Lines)
        • Case 1C Plate With Hole (Quadratic Lines with Mesh Refinement)
        • Case 1D Plate With Hole (Mesh Refinement using a Mesh Region)
        • Case 1E Plate With Hole (Hole Defined by a Polyline)
        • Case 1F Sandbox with Two Groups
      • Mesh_002 3D Unstructured Mesh Generation
        • Case00 Export the mesh in a .geo file
        • Case01 Mesh size defined on geometry entities
        • Case02 Mesh Regions to define element size
        • Case03 Usage of adaptivity
    • Mechanical Analysis
      • Mech_001 Mechanical Analysis Introduction
        • Case 1A Base Case Description
        • Case 1B Scaling Time for 100 Steps
        • Case 1C Scaling Time for 1000 Steps
        • Case 1D Inclusion of Damping
        • Case 1E S-Curve Load Ramp
        • Case 1F Instantaneous Loading
        • Case 2A Cylinder with Internal and External Pressure
        • Summary and Key Points
      • Mech_002 Uniaxial Burial of a 2000m Sediment
        • Case 1 Constant Sedimentation Rate
        • Case 2 Variable Sedimentation Rate
      • Mech_003 Rift Sandbox Simulation using Prescribed Boundary Data
        • Case 1 Extension via a Prescribed Boundary 
        • Case 2 Extension With Rapid Sedimentation Rate
        • Case 3 Extension With Slow Sedimentation Rate 
      • Mech_004 Biaxial Test on Sand with Adaptive Remeshing
        • Case 1 Basic Set Up for Adaptive Remeshing
        • Case 2 Refinement using Mesh Coarsening Criteria
        • Case 3 Refinement using Rate Error Indicators
      • Mech_005 Formation of Salt Diapirs in 2D (Bench Scale)
        • Case 1 Base Case with Extension only
        • Case 2 Extension and Compression with Sedimentation
        • Case 3 Formation of Turtle Back Structures
    • Coupled Analysis
      • HM_001 Introduction to Hydro-Mechanical Analysis - Uniaxial Consolidation
      • HM_002 Uniaxial Sedimentation using Pre-Existing Sediment
        • Base Case 1 Permeability = 1E-18m2
        • Case 2 Permeability = 1E-19m2
        • Case 3 Permeability = 1E-16m2
      • HM_004 Uniaxial Sedimentation using Layer Deposition
      • HM_005 Uniaxial Sedimentation using Layer Deposition Followed by Tectonic Compression
        • Case 1 8% shortening at strain rate of 0.16/Ma
        • Case 2 8% shortening at strain rate of 0.04/Ma
      • THM_001_Moving_Block
    • Materials
      • Mat_001 SR4 Model Introduction
        • Overview of SR4 Model
        • Case 1 Simulation of Triaxial Tests with the SR4 Model
        • Case 2 Characterization of Experimental Data (Linear Elasticity)
        • Case 3 Characterization of Experimental Data (Poroelasticity)
      • Mat_001b SR4 Hardening Calibration
        • Case01 SR4 Hardening Calibration Introduction
        • Case02 Calibration Exercise
      • Mat_001c SR4 User Defined Hardening
        • Case01 Definition of SR4 User-Defined Hardening Table
        • Case02 Facies Mixture-based Material Database
      • Mat_001d Mechanical Compaction Models
        • Case01 procedure and inputs
      • Mat_002 Diagenesis Calibration
        • Diagenesis Model Overview
        • Diagenesis Model Behaviour
        • Case1 Kimmeridge clay
        • Case2 Berea Sandstone
      • Mat_003 Continuum Fracture Model
        • Case1a Poroelastic simulation
        • Case1b Simulation with SR4 plasticity
        • Case2a_2b Two sets of fractures
      • Mat_004 Modelling creep in shales and chalks
        • Overview of creep models
        • Case01 Power law model
        • Case02 Power law with accelerated creep for q
    • Contact
      • Cont_001 Mechanical Contact Example
        • Case 1 Base case description
        • Case 2 Case with adhesion
        • Case 3 Case with elastic contact
        • Case 4 Case with penetration dependent stiffness
      • Cont_002 Fluid Flow and Thermal Contact
        • Case01 Constant contact properties for fluid and thermal contact
        • Case02 Contact tangential permeability as a function of stress
        • Case03 Contact tangential permeability as a function of depth
        • Case04 Contact tangential flow conductivity as a function of contact gap
        • Case05 Contact normal flow permeability as a function of depth
        • Case06 Contact flow conductivity multiplier
      • Cont_003 Comparison of Contact Algorithms
        • Case01 and Case02 Comparison of node-to-node and node-to-facet contact algorithms
    • Fractures
      • Notes on Fracture Workflow
      • Fract_001 Fracture Data Import, Modification and Export
        • FracMan file (.fab) description
        • Case00 Import of the FracMan DFN for visualisation only
        • Case01 Import, Processing and Export to a new FracMan file
        • Case02 Import, Processing, Meshing and Export to a dat and .geo file
      • Fract_002 Discrete Fracture Modelling
      • Fract_003 Modelling of Embedded Continuum Fracture
        • Case01 Joint Normal Displacement with Bandis Model
        • Case02 Joint Normal Displacement with Bandis Model (Spacing 0.25m)
        • Case03 Joint Normal Displacement with Cyclic Loading
      • Fract_004 Homogenisation of Flow Properties in Jointed Model
        • Case01 Ubiquitous Upscaled Fracture (UUF)
        • Case02 Spatially Embedded Fracture (SEF)
    • Geostatic
      • Geost_001 Initialization of a 3000m 3D column
        • Case 1 Base Case description
        • Case 2 Over-consolidated porosity trend
        • Case 3 Displacement reinitialization
        • Case 4 Initialization with Initial overpressure (via spatial grids)
      • Geost_002 Staged Initialization of a graben
        • Case 1 Base Case description (Elastic Initialization)
        • Case 2 Tectonic load
        • Case 3 Switch to standard models
        • Case 4 Displacement Reinitialization
        • Case 5 Porosity Initialization via Spatial Grids
        • Case 6 Assigning Property Dependencies
        • Case 7 Usage of geostatic.set
    • Spatial Variation
      • SpatVar_001 Spatial definition of properties
        • Case1 Base Case Description (Grid type 1)
        • Case1b Base Case Grid defined at Cell centres
        • Case2 Definition of grid type 3 (equivalent to Case1 grid)
        • Case3 Definition of non-regular grid (Grid type 3)
        • Case4 Usage of Spatial table (property dependencies)
        • Case5  Spatial Plan (lateral variations in properties)
        • Case6 Spatial grid group (mesh)
        • Case7 and 7b  Non-conforming grids
      • SpatVar_002 Output of Spatial Grids
        • Case1 Base Case Description (Output of Mesh Grid)
        • Case2 Output of a regular grid
        • Case3 Definition and Output of Reference Set
    • MEM and Wellbore modelling
      • MEM_001 MEM Workflow
        • Case01 Base Case
        • Case01b Reservoir Spatial_table
        • Case02 Implicit Initialization
        • Case03a HM Coupled (High Perm Fault)
        • Case03b HM Coupled (Low Perm Fault)
        • Case04 HM Coupled Producer and Injector Wells
        • Case04b HM Coupled with De-activated Porous Flow Groups
        • Case04c & 04d Implicit-Implicit HM Modelling
        • Case05 Mapping of Results to Spatial Surface and Output to Plot File
        • Case06 Reservoir with Embedded Fractures
      • MEM_002 MEM Workflow Salt
        • Case00 Scaling Salt Viscosity
        • Case01 Base Case
      • MEM_003 Boundary Optimisation and Super Element
        • Case01 Boundary Optimisation
      • Wellbore_001 Cased and Cemented 3D Wellbore Model
        • Case01 Time-dependent Cement Hardening with Diagenetic Shrinkage
      • Wellbore_002 Casing Collapse due to Shear at Salt/Sandstone Bedding Plane
      • Imp_001 Usage of the implicit solver
        • Case01 Base Case
    • Geological Modelling Workflow and Restoration
      • Rest_001 Restoration of a fold
        • Case1 Base Case Description
        • Case2 Restoration with Bedding Plane slip
        • Case3 Restoration with decompaction (synchronous)
        • Case3b Restoration with decompaction (sequential)
        • Case4 Force-based bed length constraint (high stiffness)
        • Case5 Force-based bed length constraint (low stiffness)
        • Case6 Displacement-based bed length preservation
      • Rest_002 Restoration to forward: a normal fault model
        • Step 1 Restoration
        • Step 2 Forward create data file
        • Step 3 Generated Forward simulation data file
      • Geol_001 Geological Modelling Workflow
        • 01 - Geometry creation
        • 02 - Restoration
        • 03 - Restoration to Forward
        • 04 - Forward simulation
      • Geol_002 Geological Modelling with Zmap Import
        • Case01 Column Model
        • Case02 Slice Model
        • Case03a 3D Small Irregular Grid Model with 'Ragged' Boundaries
        • Case03b 3D Large Irregular Grid Model with 'Ragged' Boundaries
      • Geol_002b Additional functionalities for Geological Modelling
        • Case01 Membrane elements and boundary coupled freedoms
          • Step01 Zmap Import
          • Step02 Geometry Create
          • Step03 Boundary Extraction
          • Step04 Restoration
          • Step05 Boundary Extraction (fsim)
          • Step06 Forward Simulation
        • Case02 Spatial Distribution of Facies
          • Step01 Zmap Import
          • Step02 Geometry Create
          • Step03 Boundary Extraction
          • Step04 Restoration
          • Step05 Boundary Extraction (fsim)
          • Step06 Forward Simulation
        • Case03 Modelling Erosion
          • Step04 Restoration
          • Step06 Forward Simulation
        • Case04 Spatial basal heat flow
        • Case05 Aditional Facies Functionalities
      • Geol_003 Geological Modelling for TET meshes
        • Case01 Workflow for TET models built from Zmaps
          • Step01 Zmap Import
          • Step02 Geometry Create
          • Step03 Hex to Tet conversion
          • Step04 Restoration
          • Step05 Restoration to Forward conversion
          • Step06 Forward Simulation
          • Worflow Summary
        • Case02 Forward model from a non-final restoration point
          • Step05 Restoration to Forward conversion
          • Step06 Obtain Facies Grid for Forward sim initial state
          • Step07 Forward Simulation
      • Kin_001 Hydrocarbon kinetics in uniaxial column with deposition
        • Case00 Base Case with No Kerogen
        • Case01 Four layers with kerogen 'B' and Strength update factor
        • Case02 Two layers with kerogen 'B' and two layers with kerogen 'F'
        • Case03 Kerogen layer thickness
        • Case04 Hydrocarbon kinetics Porosity update flag
    • SubMod_001 Submodelling Example
      • Step1 Large Scale Model
      • Step2 Sub-model Boundary Creation
      • Step3 Boundary Conditions Extraction
      • Step4 Sub-model simulation
    • ParDef_001 Parameter Definition in Data File
      • Case01 Parameter-only
      • Case02 Parameter with local expression
      • Case03 Parameter with global expression
    • GeomSect_001 Demonstration of Geometry Section
      • Case 2 Selection of groups
      • Case 3 Section parallel to plane YZ
      • Case 4 Vertical plane non-parallel to axis system
      • Case 5 Flat Inclined Section non-parallel to XYZ
  • ParaGeo Examples
    • Ex_001 Mechanical Contact
    • Ex_002 Reservoir Depletion
      • Case01 Base Case
      • Case01rst Usage of restart file
    • Ex_003 Transverse Isotropic Elasticity
    • Ex_004 3D Open Hole Wellbore Stability Model
    • Ex_005 Sedimentation and Erosion operations
      • Case1 Sedimentation with Sub-layer
      • Case2 Sedimentation with Layer Merge
      • Case3 Erosion in a column
      • Case3b Sedimentation and Erosion in a fold
    • Ex_006 Eulerian Boundaries
    • Ex_007 Using ParaGeo with Different Units
      • Case01 Heat Transfer in Ma and Seconds
    • Ex_008 Well Element
      • Case01 Injection and Production
      • Case02 With Contact Advection along Fault
      • Case03 U-Shaped Geothermal Well with Multiple Well Completions
      • Case04 Influence of Skin Factor on Well Elements using the Peaceman Model
    • Ex_009 HEX to TET conversion
      • Zmap Import
      • Creation of the HEX geometry
      • HEX to TET conversion
      • Simulation example
    • Ex_010 Continuum Fault Flow Model
      • Case01 Confined Compression Test
      • Case02 Model with sedimentation and fault propagation
    • Ex_011 Parameterised boundary
    • Ex_012 Mapping 3D Grids in 2D Geometries
    • Ex_013 Porous Flow Types and Pore Pressure Load
      • Case01 Assumptions for each PFT
      • Case02 Appropriate Pore Pressure Loading
    • Ex_014 Analytical Permeability Models
  • ParaGeo Validation Examples
    • Val_001 Terzaghi consolidation problem
      • Val_001a Explicit Geomechanical Solver
      • Val_001b Implicit Geomechanical Solver
    • Val_002 Mandel's problem
      • Val_002a Cylindrical Soil Sample
      • Val_002b Spherical Soil Sample
    • Val_003 Plane Strain Wellbore
    • Val_004 Use of Different Element Formulations
      • Val_004a Internally Pressurized Cylinder
      • Val_004b Strip Footing Collapse
      • Val_004c Cook's Membrane
      • Val_004d Billet Upsetting
        • Case01 von Mises
        • Case02 Herschel-Bulkley
    • Val_005 Hydrocarbon Maturation
      • Val_005a Kerogen to Oil and Gas Generation
      • Val_005b Oil to Gas Cracking
      • Val_005c Oil and Gas Expulsion
      • Val_005d Kerogen thickness
    • Val_006 Well Geothermal - U-Shaped Closed-Loop Well System
  • ParaGeo-Pflotran Tutorials
    • ParaGeo-Pflotran Coupling Overview
    • PFO_001 3 layer column
      • Case01 Grid Generation
      • Case01 CO2 injection into a saline aquifer
        • Case01a Isothermal
        • Case01b Transient thermal
      • Case02 Gas production followed by CO2 injection
        • Case02a COMP3 flow mode
        • Case02b COMP flow mode
      • Case03 Non-matching meshes
  • ParaGeo-IX Tutorial Examples
    • IX_001 PVC test
      • Case1 Poroelastic simulation
      • Case2 Poro-elasto-plastic simulation (SR4)
    • IX_002 Reservoir simulation
      • IX Model Definition Files
      • IX Coupling Files
      • ParaGeo geometry generation
      • SPSK_1 model (SR4)
      • SPSK_2 model (poroelasticity)
      • DPDK_1 model
      • DPDK_2 corridor model
    • IX_003 Fractured PVC test
      • Case1a Poroelastic simulation
      • Case1b Simulation with SR4 plasticity
      • Case2a_2b Two sets of fractures
  • ParaGeoInv Tutorial Examples
    • GeoInv_001 Footing Settlement
      • Case01 Single Parameter
      • Case02 Two Parameters
      • Case03 Fixed Poisson's Ratio
    • GeoInv_002 Pulse Decay Experiment
    • GeoInv_003 Fracture Stiffness
  • Abaqus Format Tutorial Examples
    • Abaq_Mech_001 Mechanical Analysis Introduction
      • Case 1A Base Case Description
      • Case 1B Scaling Time for 100 Steps
      • Case 1C Scaling Time for 1000 Steps
      • Case 1D Inclusion of Damping
      • Case 1E S-Curve Load Ramp
      • Case 1F Instantaneous Loading
  • ParaView Tutorial
    • ParaView Screen Overview
    • Loading Plot Files
    • Display View and View Types
    • Useful Tools
    • Filters
      • Calculator
      • Cell Data to Point Data
      • Clip
      • Extract Block
      • Glyph
      • Plot Over Line
      • Plot Selection Over Time
      • Probe Location
      • Slice
      • Threshold
      • Transform
      • Warp by Vector
    • Export Data in .CSV For External Processing
    • Quick Example Tutorial
  • Gmsh Tutorial
    • Gmsh_001 Introduction to geometry and mesh generation
      • Example1 Unstructured_Mesh
      • Example2 Structured_Mesh
        • Example2a Uniform
        • Example2b Mixed
      • Example3 Physical_Groups
    • Gmsh_002 3D Geometry and Mesh for Ex_008
      • Gmsh_002 Gmsh Script
      • Gmsh_002 Conversion to ParaGeo
• Release Notes

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